PSG has now claimed the prestigious trophy on fourteen separate occasions.
Paris Saint-Germain required a stoppage-time equaliser followed by a successful spot-kick decider to overcome their arch-rivals in the Gulf and capture a record-extending fourth consecutive Trophee des Champions title.
The Champions League holders appeared to be coasting towards a comfortable triumph in the match featuring the French league champions and the Coupe de France holders after Ousmane Dembele found the net early on.
However, the southern French side fired two times late to take a shock advantage. Initially, Mason Greenwood converted from the penalty spot, before the defender unfortunately turned the ball into his own net for an own-goal.
In a remarkable turn of fortune, the Portuguese striker grabbed a crucial equaliser in the dying seconds to send the match into a deciding shootout. The Parisian shot-stopper Chevalier then emerged as the hero, stopping crucial kicks from Matt O'Riley and Traore.
In the shootout, Ramos, the midfielder, Nuno Mendes, and the young talent all scored with composure for PSG to complete a convincing penalty victory.
The record winners PSG, who met last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Marseille after achieving a league and cup double, have now won this competition for the twelfth time in the last 13 years.